Grus americana

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Whooping cranes have declined primarily because of loss of wintering and breeding habitat . Shootings and collisions with powerlines or fences have been sources of mortality in recent years.

Endangered

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Whooping cranes inhabit marshes and prairie potholes in the summer. In winter, they are found in coastal marshes and prairies.

Vegetation: saltwater and brackish marshes • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,148 meters (0 to 10,328 feet).[2]

Biome: Terrestrial ; Freshwater

Ecology: It breeds in prairie wetlands, preferring small, shallow lakes and ponds , willow communities, marshes, mudflats and perhaps sedge meadows, but this may be atypical considering its historical range1,11. Eggs are laid from late April to mid-May1. It winters in coastal brackish wetlands.[3]

List of Habitats : 5.5 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha) 5.7 Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) 13.4 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes

Biology

Diet

Whooping cranes eat a variety of things, including insects, frogs , small birds, rodents, minnows , and waste grains. Blue crabs and clams are especially important food items on the wintering grounds .

Reproduction

Whooping cranes can live more than 20 years in the wild. They are capable of breeding after three years and mate for life. Nest construction begins in late April. Nests are made of bulrush and are located in tall vegetation near water. Typically, two eggs are laid each year and both parents assist in the care of the young. Young stay with their parents during their first winter.

Clutch Size: 2 Length of Incubation : 29-31 days Days to Fledge : 80-90 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 28-Nov-2006.

Similar Species

Sandhill Crane, American White Pelican

Members of the genus Grus

There are approximately 45 species in this genus:

G. americana (Great White Crane) · G. americanus · G. antigon · G. antigone (Eastern Sarus Crane) · G. antigone antigone (Indian Sarus Crane) · G. antigone fordi · G. antigone gillae · G. antigone gilli · G. antigone luzonica · G. antigone sharpii · G. balearica · G. canadensis (Greater Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis canadensis (Greater Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis mexicana (Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis nesiotes (Cuba Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis pratensis (Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis pulla (Mississippi Sandhill Crane) · G. canadensis rowani · G. canadensis ssp · G. canadensis tabida (Greater Sandhill Crane) · G. carunculata · G. cinerea · G. communis · G. conferta · G. grus (Common Crane) · G. grus archbaldi · G. grus grus · G. grus lilfordi · G. grus ssp · G. haydeni · G. japonensis (Red-Crowned Crane) · G. japonicus · G. leucauchen · G. leucogeranus (Siberian White Crane) · G. leucogoranus · G. lilfordi · G. monacha (Hooded Crane) · G. nigricollis (Black-Necked Crane) · G. paradisea (Paradise Crane) · G. proavus · G. problematica · G. rubicunda (Australian Crane) · G. rubicundus · G. vipio (Japanese White-Naped Crane) · G. virgo (Demoiselle Crane)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1939 UND url p. 92.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. ENG url p. 108.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 9.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 90, p. 91.
• A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states... with observations on their...recent decrease in numbers; also the means for conserving those still in existence, by Edward Howe Forbush, state ornithologist of [Boston, Wright and Potter printing company, state printers, 1912] ENG url p. 477.
• A manual of the ornithology of the United States and of Canada. By Thomas Nuttall Cambridge, Hilliard and Brown, 1832-1834. ENG url p. 22.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada, by Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, 1903. ENG url p. 422.
• A synthesis of evolutionary theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1962. ENG url p. 380.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 160.
• Annali di storia naturale. Bologna. url p. 310.
• Annals and magazine of natural history: including zoology, botany and geology London. url p. 450.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 154, p. 394, p. 51, p. 59, p. 72, p. 74, p. 75, p. 80.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 35, p. 458, p. 57, p. 57, p. 67, p. 73, p. 80.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 369.
• Audubon the naturalist; a history of his life and time, by Francis Hobart Herrick New YorkD. Appleton-Century Company, incorporated, 1938. ENG url p. 481.
• Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• BirdLife International 2006. Threatened Birds of the World 2006. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/05/2006.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds in Kansas / Max C. Thompson and Charles Ely. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History: c1989- ENG url p. 201, p. 399.
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• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 142, p. 357.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 112.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History and including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Chicago, 1918- ENG url p. 301.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 254, p. 256.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 445, p. 93.
• Check-list of North American birds: according to the canons of nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union. [s.l.]: The Union, 1889. ENG url p. 19.
• Collar, N.J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to Watch. The ICBP World Checklist of Threatened Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd, Norfolk, England.
• Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. and Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The World List of Threatened Birds BirdLife International. Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd, U.K.
• Color key to North American birds, by Frank M. Chapman with upward of 800 drawings by Chester A. Reed, B. S. New York, Doubleday, Page and company, 1903. ENG url p. 264, p. 298, p. 96.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- ENG url p. 1.
• Evolution and animal life; an elementary discussion of facts, processes, laws and theories relating to the life and evolution of animals, by David Starr Jordan and Vernon Lyman Kellogg New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1907. ENG url p. 481.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 264, p. 285, p. 31, p. 442.
• Fauna arctica: eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 / Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgenossen h Jena: G. Fischer, 19 GER url p. 184.
• Fauna of New England, 11: list of the aves / by Glover M. Allen. Boston: Society of Natural History, 1909. ENG url p. 3, p. 60.
• Fauna of New England. Boston, Printed for the [Boston] Society [of Natural History] from the Gurdon Saltonstall Fund, 1904-25. ENG url p. 60.
• Fauna of New England. List of the Araneida. Boston, For Society, 1908. ENG url p. 3.
• Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. ENG url p. 11, p. 11, p. 5, p. 5, p. 6.
• First report of the state zoist: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota / by P.L. Hatch, Henry F. Nachtrieb, state zoist. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 1892. ENG url p. 456.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 103.
• Hand-list of genera and species of birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum / by G.R. Gray 1870 ENG url p. 369.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 78.
• Handbook of field and general ornithology; a manual of the structure and classification of birds, with instructions for collecting and preserving specimens. London, Macmillan, 1890. ENG url p. 300.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. ENG url p. 132.
• IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 133, p. 170, p. 397, p. 432, p. 490.
• Katalog der Vogelsammlung in Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, von Ernst Hartert. Abgeschlossen Mitte Januar 1891. Frankfurt a.M., Knauer, 1891. GER url p. 209.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1890. ENG url p. 202, p. 843, p. 888.
• Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo©logy, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge [Mass.]: The Museum, 1876-1938. ENG url p. 404, p. 409.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 411.
• Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. ENG url p. 148, p. 805.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 19.
• Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereines in Wien. Wien, 1877-1895. GER url p. 95.
• Naumannia: Archiv für die Ornithologie Vorzugsweise Europa's: Organ der Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft. Stuttgart. url p. 383.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds; by Oliver Davie. Columbus [O.]Hann and Adair, 1889. ENG url p. 97.
• North American birds eggs, by Chester A. Reed...illustrating the eggs of nearly every species of North American birds. New York, Doubleday, Page and company, 1904. ENG url p. 342.
• Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali. Bologna. url p. 334.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. ENG url p. 898, p. 900.
• Ornithologist and oist. Pawtucket, R.I. ENG url p. 166.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. ENG url p. 529.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 189, p. 43, p. 76.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 3, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 06, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Species At Risk Act Public Registry, Government of Canada
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tulsa, Oklahoma Ecological Services

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 06, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3852046
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176176
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13841960
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176176
• IUCN ID: 9513
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNMK01030
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: B003
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4121

Footnotes

1. New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]
2. Mean = 248.250 meters (814.469 feet), Standard Deviation = 562.880 based on 416 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. BirdLife International 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008. [back]

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